The Struggle Of The Civil War - 1492 Words

Many Texans contend that the Civil War was not fought over slavery, citing the limited number of slave-owning households in the state. While the majority of Texans did not own slaves, it would be inaccurate to argue that they were therefore against slavery. Texas, representative of other southern states that supported slavery, had a vested interest in preserving the institution at all costs, which is why they risked their lives over it. Moreover, Texans may argue that the civil war was about states’ rights or defense of the southern â€Å"way of life.† States’ rights, though part of the equation, played a diminished role as a whole in prompting the Civil War. Furthermore, because it revolved mostly around slavery, the southern â€Å"way of life†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Slaves were especially needed for cotton, which was proven to be a major crop of Texas. Although only 1/3 of Antebellum Texas had slaves, they produced over 90% of the cotton grown in Texas, which allowed for most slave-owners to actually receive a profit, as opposed to putting their money towards a loan in the northeast to produce the crop (Campbell 207). As a result it is clear that slavery became a necessity for the Texas economy. Slavery was also the main cause of the Civil War because of the political ramifications associated with it. The argument Texans had about the Civil War and states’ rights can be defended in that the U.S. Constitution failed to specifically address slavery. Although many of our Founding Fathers hated slavery and spoke negatively about it, several owned slaves and relied on them. The states’ rights argument was essentially used to control votes in congress. The states’ rights argument was used to create the fear of setting an unfavorable precedent by allowing more states to enter the union without slaves, which could mean loss of votes for the South in the U.S. Congress. If the north expanded into the west and they were able to get more states to enter the Union, then the Confederacy would lose the votes in the US congress. Congress could then vote to abolish slavery throughout the Union. The concept of states’ rights is a political and economical issue for the South. If the South loses their rights to slavery then the

Tax memo Financial Alternatives Example

Essays on Tax memo: Financial Alternatives Coursework Financial Alternatives Financial Alternatives Facts Cecile one of the big shareholder, invests $100,000 for a sole ownership of stock in an S corporation. New food product development is ongoing in the corporation and Cecile expects that the business plan requires approximately $200,000 in capital, this will only be possible if all other prospected trades payable. The first $100,000 of this total is to come from Ceciles contributed capital while the remaining $100,000 of funds will come from other sources including: a. Corporation borrowing from local banks b. Borrowing from her late husband’s real estates c. Borrowing from personal corporation funds From all the borrowed money, the corporation should pay interest at a rate accepted within each type of borrowing. Therefore, each of the borrowing mechanism deployed above, will attract different interest rates to the capital and the business itself including the accrued profit (Damodaran, 2012). For instance, personal income usually attract different tax rates and taxing systems compared to corporate financial incomes. Taxing Cecil’s Capital Contribution The cost of organizational capital is usually defined the cost that is payable in raising the funds and they include loaning from issuing bonds and bank loans. Such terms of loans are usually attract annual percentage. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) which is expressed as the arithmetic average of each source of capital by proportion of funding obtained from each source. Therefore; the borrowing from personal corporation funds will be taxed as ratio of the amount of each contributor. Nonetheless, such taxes are deducted on annual basis (Stickney, 2010). Moreover, it is worth noting that all these including Borrowing from her late husband’s real estate contributes to cost of debt and all these are subject to annual taxation. The following rates and taxes will be incurred respective of each type and form of capital sources as was accrued by Cecile for her business. The yields of bonds before and after tax on the $100,000 pretax Organizational capital and personal corporation funds Federal interest before tax After tax Taxable loan $100,000 $69,200 Tax exemption $75,800 $75,000 Subsidy tax rate from Federal $40,800 Interest saving from S L 24,200 Windfall to Cecil $16,600 Percentage of windfall 41 % Capital from bank Before tax interest After tax interest Taxable amount $100,000 $65,000 Tax exempts $75,800 $75,800 Subsidy from the federal taxation unit $35,000 Savings from the S $ L $24,200 Windfall to Cecil $10,800 Percentage windfall 31% From the above calculations, it is apparent that different sources of income attract different taxation rates. In essence, funds obtained from bank and other financial institutions usually attract low tax rates compared to funds obtained from personal incomes. Therefore, it would be highly profiting for Cecil to obtain her capital from banks and other financial institutions that she does not have direct effect or contribution (Damodaran, 2012). However, the government usually give large subsidies to personal funds before taxing than on loan, but the same does not set off the interest rates attracted or subjected on these funds. Hence, I strongly recommend for Cecil to consider borrowing her capital from institutions that will lead her to minimal taxation as opposed to personal funds that will never be profitable for he business (Stickney, 2010). References Damodaran, A. (2012). Investment valuation: Tools and techniques for determining the value of any asset. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Stickney, C. P. (2010). Financial accounting: An introduction to concepts, methods, and uses. Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning.

Technical and Policy Recommendations †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Technical and Policy Recommendations. Answer: Introduction Australia has been rated as top five countries in the organisation for economic co-operation and development with improved better life, (OECD, 2012); it is generally ranked third world wide in quality of life category. Melbourne city was ranked among the best cities with liveable status, however in the recent year there has been rise in the population among the families with children in the high density regions of the city, (OSDM, 2009). The proportion of the population is the Aboriginals or Torres Strait Islander. Overcrowding accompanied with poor living conditions have been studied to cause tremendous health effects associated with various occurrence of diseases which affect the quality of life, with this view this Assesment is analysing the health assessments for the people of Melbourne city Australia. Developmental changes brought about by urbanisation have led to growth in emergence in cities and towns globally. Growth in cities has seen increase for the appetite in development in the housing sector. The increased population has been associated with to environmental, occupational and sharp increase in the population of city and urban dwellers, (Liu, 2015). The major shift in migration of people in the cities has led to economic benefits on the flip side and has caused problems to other people. The middle class people have, they have benefited from the growing incomes of the and increased amount of leisure time they receive. Expansion of the city has led to major demand in the need for goods and commodities, in the stores departments. The migration shift has been termed with the lure of the thousands of people for property and hope of finding labour and wage for their families. For the larger portion of the urban poor living in the city there has been decreased quality of life, co upled with overcrowding, inadequate water activities, poor street connections too many more associated challenges. In UK, approximately 5% and 2.5% households stay in the heavily populated places, this statistic are higher than what were there a decade ago, (Walsh, Bendel, Jones Hunlon, 2010). Overcrowding has been observed to take shape in social rented houses compared with home owner houses. The wave of immigration in cities has led to wave in spike in the population. In Australia, the population increase in the urban set up has led to recognisance by the health and housing official. There have been efforts to reduce the risks and problems associated with the housing problem. It has taken an initiative to improve the housing conditions for the achievement of improving the native health, education and raising employment in order to raise the shortfall amongst the inhabitants of the city. Action has been witnessed under the banner of National Indigenous Reform Agreement, with an aim of reducing the overcrowding in the city. The objectives by this auspice is to significantly reduce the overcrowding , homelessness, poor housing conditions in order to minimise the severe shortage of houses witnessed in the indigenous communities and the overall population in Australia. Hazard and exposure assessment The initiative to address public health safety matter in urban canter has taken shape with an aim of promoting the safety of the population. Crowding in the city has led to increase in the risk of spread of infectious diseases like tuberculosis, meningococcal diseases and respiratory infections. Mental health is another factor in health associated risks of overcrowding in urban places. Access to safe housing unit called home is necessary for provision of shelter, offers the needed psychological and physical necessity for identification and a place where to relax and enjoy. The fear of of isolation has led to shift in social patterns by making families in the urban dwellings to especially in the crowded environments to seek safety and security at homes. The occurrence of chronic disease as health risk has been associated with overcrowd and poor housing state in the urban areas. In the recent years, epidemiological studies have linked poor hosing standards with elevated risks of chronic dieses such as asthma, cold, moody showing and chronic respiratory diseases. This health risks have shown to persist even when confounding factors such as smoking, crowding and unemployment are kept constant, Walsh et al., 2010). Dumpy houses have shown to inhabit living organisms such as mites, cockroaches, respiratory viruses and moulds which have significant impacts on the healths of the people, (Krieger Higgins, 2009). Poor hosing structures and units have been associated with injury occurrence. The designing of homes in the overcrowding populous has led to prevalence of injuries, (Erasmus, 2010). The designs in houses have been associated occurrence of burns and falls. Substandard housing has taken effect with increase in injury including exposure to heights, slippery terrains and floors and unplanned building designs due to overpopulation among others, and even inadequate lighting system. The body of knowledge has increasingly increase studies as to the relation of housing and population increase in urban cities with rise in infectious disease. (IOM, 2004; WHO, 2009) Dampness and moistures present in poor housings have been shown to have adverse effects. Most common characteristics include coughs, and sneezes. Characteristics of low standard housing units, absence of safe water, poor disposal of water and lack of food storage for food has led to the presence of infectious diseases. Overdoing has been associated with tuber closes and the disease of the respiratory tract, (Savitha et al., 2007). The world of research has grown with great strides on the association of health and the housing structure. The evidence obtained from these studies has formed the basis for offering primary prevention practices for the living condition soft the people concerned. The re-emergence of infectious diseases has posed a challenged to the global health networking and endangers the livelihoods of millions of people living in urban centres worldwide. In Melbourne, Australia, overcrowding has led to emergence the number of families with school going children living in the smaller housing units thus putting them at risk for infectious diseases. Evidence has shown that overcrowding imposing units lead is to households accidents and increased risks for transmission of air borne diseases like pneumonia and tuber closes. There is presence of vectors and hosts of disease are associated with unsafe environment for living. It is characterised by the presence of poor housing quality and standards and is often accompanied with contaminated water supply, harmful waste disposal rodent infestation all which are the main contributors for the rise and occurrence of infectious risks. Overcrowding in tenants housing has led to transfer of infectious diseases to people. Tuberculosis has been the major infectious disease which has been found to have prevalence in densely populated places. The design and structure of houses in the Melbourne city have been found to have more exposure to heat, which causes irritation and social intolerance. The dummy environment characterise with presence of mould in the buildings in Melbourne city have been found to affect anxiety and depression conditions. (Brown, Smith Kirkland, 2016). Dampness is significantly associated with poorer mental health, (Migita, Yangi Tomura, 2005). Studies conducted in other regions like London have shown that crowding affects the mental state of the body. Poor and substandard infrastructures for children have been shown to display behavioural patterns among children. Poor standard of living has led to isolation socially and the occupants in these houses are reluctant to invite guests into their homes, (Krieger Higgins, 2009). Homes should provide safe haven necessary for shelter and comfort. Injuries can be in forms of burns, foreign objects and fire related injuries, falls among others. Home injuries are posing great danger to safety standards worldwide currently. House hold related injuries are important in that they are related to building designs and apartment designs in Melbourne. With advancement of literature, injuries have been minimised with the use of ergonomic standards, burden of injuries in the urban densely populate d areas have seen the occurrence of fires and falls, (Jacobs, Baeder, 2009). Exposure risks associated with housing having conditions have reviewed the risks of getting injury. Reviews have been done for houses which needed implementation by providing evaluation for implementation. Exposures associated to injuries at home include those with sufficient evidence and the include; Smoke alarms installations in buildings Poll fence Safe temperature for pre-set safe. Evidence which have shown to need more evaluation includes; Prevention of falls injury by rails, hand grabbers, window and improved lighting. Temperature control appliances Ignitions which are ,safe Modification of the homes to provide safe escape routes Factors which need formative research include; In case of fire in these building , what are the exit strategies, improved alarm systems Carbon monoxide exposure through design and engineering Enforcement of building regulations and codes The epidemiology of injury occurrences has given insightful thoughts about effective measures. Children are often prone to injuries as they often experience falls from heights and rough terrain the urban set up. Injuries burden have been observed to take e tool order on injury hazards such as poor lighting, slippery surfaces and associated ergonomics which are poorly designed. In this case there is a likely hood of exposure and hazards occurrence at the urban environment. (Keall et al., 2008). Poisoning has been largely been observed in the urban as the lack of enough space leads to cross contamination of food systems. It is the third largest injury affecting children. Currently the high portion of death is observed among the children according to WHO report; especially those aged 0.19 years have died due to poisoning they consume. This is careful consideration and identification for examining the risks associated on what could cause harm to the people of Melbourne City. The risk Assesment is essential for in identifying significant risks which are associated with the emergence of huge population in currently encountered. For an effective Assesment plan helps to minimise injuries and associated risks. In this consideration, the following parameters are observed; Identifying hazards Targeted population Risk evaluation Finding recording Reviewing Assesment and taking necessary action In order to critically evaluate the health environmental assessment associated with the overcrowding and the living conditions, a risk Assesment illustrates the risks associated below; What are the hazards? What are the risks? Who might be harmed What control measures are required to eliminate or reduce the risks? Risk Evaluation Risk Rating Consequence (1 3) Likelihood (1 3) Overall risk (C x L) Low, Medium or High Noise Damage to ear Inhabitants of the city Limiting exposure 1 2 2 Low Slippery falls Injury to the body Children at more risk Clearing pathways 3 3 3 High Extreme heat Retarded growth General inhabitants Redesigning of houses 5 2 3 high Lighting Eye problems General residence Opening access to lighting 4 3 3 Medium Fire burns property Put in place safety measures 4 3 4 High Falling objects Breakage injury Harm to inhabitant Safety precautions 3 3 3 medium Movement Restricted General public Opening access of roads network 2 2 2 High Disease exposure Mortality and hospital cost General however children at more risk Minimizing the diseases risks 6 3 4 High Fires Property damage Displacement and loss of shelter Putting safety measures and ease congestion 5 3 4 High Falling walls Risky to the people General public Building structure redesigning 4 3 3 Medium Established risk matrix plan 2. RISK MATRIX Potential consequence of harm 1 Minor Injury - Exposure hazrd could cause damage 2 Significant Injury -it signies that an injury can occur faster 3 Major Injury -hazrd is mirtal and has signifiucant damage Likelihood of harm 1 Unlikely -occuring of injury is insignificant 1 Low 2 Low 3 Medium 2 Possible -possibility of injury 2 Low 4 Medium 6 High 3 Probable -likelyhood of injury 3 Medium 6 High 9 Extreme Risk management plan The environment around Melbourne City is tremendously affected with over population and extreme living conditions, which have significant damage on the health status of the livelihoods of the people. The effects have been extended to the physical activity and social life of the residence, thus endangering the health status of the people. There measurement tools for the city, have to be realigned to meet this need and provide corrective measures for the problem encountered. Guidelines for cities and regulations are essential for being benchmark for planning, (Srinivasan, Fallon Darron, 2003). The impacts of the inadequate housing have effects on the environment, in institution such as noise polluting which affect social wellbeing of the residence. Provision of quality housing to the residents of Melbourne city is crucial in implementing the environmental health plan. The policy initiative should be geared towards promoting safe housing conditions, with safe environment which offers a level of satisfaction to lower the risks of injury and exposure to the inhabitants. There following measures can be initiated; Distribution of affordable housing uinitts through rpvising iof difernt pricing mix to enable the residents has access at affordable process. Conducting public safety awareness with an aim of reducing the injury occurrence and to eliminate the negative effects associated with the environment. Application of mix use of development which enables the residential and commercial house to be in proximal together which increase the value of the property in the urban set up to abide to foster social capital and increase the likelihood to improve the safety standards for the general health. Building collaboration and inter sector planning The relevance of building alliance with various departments that forms the web, with an attempt to solve the community issue should given priority. (Krieger Higgins, 2009).). In implementing the reform needed in this plan of action there is need for public health approach which builds network based approach by involving other players in this field. A case example is that, in order for revision of the guidelines of housing codes and regulations requires the agencies responsible in Melbourne city to build collaboration with other stakeholders like the tenants, community social groups and advocacy networks, housing organizations and community mobilization networks, landlords and the urban planners responsible. In this important to involve the public health officials in the process in the planning phase, they assist in consultation for housing developers. Studies have found out that their involvement yields utilization of health assessment reports. They play crucial role in formulation of polices and are effective in designing healthy living environments for the city. The official in the public health arena build collaboration with the community based advocate initiatives and offer technical assistance. The health planners should be at the forefront in advocating the implementation of policies and regulations for effective and affordable care in accessing healthy living environments and advocating against unhealthy housing units. Other possible arenas which are of help in this case are expansion of medical care access, providing security to the city residents and provision of compensation plans inform of rental vouchers to the low social-economic status group. Maintenance and provision of health to the population is key towards achieving healthy community. The residents in Melbourne city are faced with critical aspect of providing adequate housing units for the residents in order to minimize health associated risks which include mental heat, reduction of injuries and reduction of infection diseases. The gap created should be mitigated with every measure possible to secure the health of the residents of Melbourne city. References Activities 2009: A report of the Spatial Data Management Group, Office of Spatial Data Management, Canberra. Online accesed on 16/5/2017 www.crcsi.com.au/assets/Resources/308f1617-f413-4f36-9979-8bf9d2e5f813.pdf Bornehag, C. G., Blomquist, G., Gyntelberg, F., Jarvholm, B., Malmberg, P., Nordvall, L., Sundell, J. (2001). Dampness in buildings and health. Indoor air, 11(2), 72-86. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jan_Sundell2/publication/11945453_Nordic_Interdisciplinary_Review_of_the_Scientific_Evidence_on_Associations_Between_Exposure_to_Dampness_in_Buildings_and_Health_Efefts_NORDDAMP/links/5641c54908aebaaea1f86bcf.pdf Brown, M., Smith, M., Kirkland, M. (2016). Monitoring Heat Injuries in a Hazmat Environment. Current Psychiatry, 33(2), 24-29. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Brown%2C+M.%2C+Smith%2C+M.%2C+%26+Kirkland%2C+M.+%282016%29.+Monitoring+Heat+Injuries+in+a+Hazmat+Environment.+Current+Psychiatry%2C+33%282%29%2C+24-29.btnG=hl=enas_sdt=0%2C5 Erasmus, C. J. (2010). Impact Of Low Cost Housing On The Perceived Quality Of Life And Well-Being Of Its Occupants. Nurture, 4(1), 26. https://search.proquest.com/openview/8d0bbc4a7e6b8a9d6e0fe72c50e63486/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=51697 Institute of Medicine (IOM) (2004). Damp Indoor Spaces and Health. Washington D.C., The National Academies Press https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11011/damp-indoor-spaces-and-health Krieger, J., Higgins, D. L. (2009). Housing is an important determinant of health, and substandard housing is amajor public health issue. 1 Each year in the United States, 13.5 million nonfatal injuries occur in and around the home, 2 2900 people die in house fires, 3. Urban Health, 101. https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=enlr=id=Kc8ITLziv1YCoi=fndpg=PA101dq=Krieger,+J.,+%26+Higgins,+D.+L.+(2009).+Housing+is+an+important+determinant+of+health,+and+substandard+housing+is+amajor+public+health+issue.+1+Each+year+in+the+United+States,+13.5+million+nonfatal+injuries+occur+in+and+around+the+home,+2+2900+people+die+in+ots=B58Gnrte-5sig=kK8sFDAlbK1_D7ZCfA5NPgCBhsgredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Migita, R., Yanagi, H., Tomura, S. (2005). Factors affecting the mental health of residents in a communal-housing project for seniors in Japan. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 41(1), 1-14. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016749430400189X OECD Green Growth Studies, OECD Publishing. https:// www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/urban-rural-and-regional-development/ compact-city-policies_9789264167865-en [Accessed 16 May 2017] www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/oecd-green-growth-studies_22229523 Office of Spatial Data Management (OSDM) 2009, Australian Government Spatial Data catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4584287 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 2012, Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment www.oecd.org Green growth and sustainable development Savitha, M. R., Nandeeshwara, S. B., Kumar, M. P., Raju, C. K. (2007). Modifiable risk factors for acute lower respiratory tract infections. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 74(5), 477-482. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12098-007-0081-3 Srinivasan S, O'Fallon LR, Dearry A. Creating healthy communities, healthy homes, and healthy people: Initiating a research agenda on the built environment and public health. Am J Public Health, 2003;93(9):1446-1450. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1446 Tao, L. W. (2015). The drawbacks of housing overcrowding characteristic to rural migrants life in Beijing. HBRC Journal. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687404815000711 Walsh, D., Bendel, N., Jones, R., Hanlon, P. (2010). It's not just deprivation: why do equally deprived UK cities experience different health outcomes?. Public health, 124(9), 487-495. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350610000338 WHO (2009). Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe. Accessed online on 16/05/2017, https: www.who.int/indoorair/publications/7989289041683/en/ WHO (2010). Technical and policy recommendations to reduce health risks due to dampness and mould. Accessed online on 16/05/2017, https: www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/121425/E92998.pd

Two Cities Paris and Washington free essay sample

However, anyone who has seen Paris and Washington knows that this is possible. The two cites differ in age and population, but they share many similarities. Between these two cities, the differences are very slight. Paris is older than Washington. It is over 2,000 years old. Washington, in contrast, is very young. It is about 200 years old. The population of Paris (2. 500. 000) is also much larger than Washington’s population (1,000,000).Although these important differences exist, the cities are strikingly similar. First, both cities are the political centers of their countries. The president of France lives in the heart of Paris, in the Elysee Palace. Likewise, the president of the United States lives in the heart of Washington, in the White House. The French National Assembly meets in Paris, in the Palais Bourbon. The Congress of the United States has its meeting place in Washington, in the Capitol Building. Second, the two cities look similar. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Cities: Paris and Washington or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page L’Enfant, the French engineer who designed Washington, was greatly influenced by the layout of Paris. For this reason, many of the buildings and monuments in Washington are symmetrically located in view of one another, just as they are in Paris. Both cities are also the sites of magnificent monuments like important historical landmarks, fine museums, beautiful parks, and broad, tree-lined avenues. Finally, tourism is as important for Washington as it is for Paris. Every year, millions of tourists from all over the world flock to these cities. In conclusion, Paris and Washington share numerous similarities. Besides being political and tourist centers, the cities have a similar look. TWO placesIn Morelia, families leave church and go for a walk along Moreda Street on Sunday afternoon. Often people stop at an outdoor cafe and have an ice cream or coffee and watch people walk by. Now that I live in Houston, Willowbrook Mall is the place where I go to see people on Sundays for their afternoon walk. I sit in a food court where I can drink a coffee with my friend, as I watch teenagers and families walking through the mall. When I see them, I remember how life was when I was a child. Despite their similarities, Moreda Street and Willowbrook Mall are very different. Willowbrook Mall is more modern.On the one hand, Moreda Street has old colonial buildings and beautiful old trees that shade the street. It is also quiet. On the other hand, Willowbrook Mall is new and the lights are bright, and loud music plays in the stores. The people on Moreda Street also have more traditional ways. Men wear attractive, conservative suits and women wear light summer dresses. Fathers watch their teenage daughters closely and do not let their daughters hold hands with boys. In contrast, many teenagers go to Willowbrook Mall without their parents, and boyfriends and girlfriends walk with their arms around each other.When I see them, I realize that my daughter will have a different experience growing up in Houston than I did in Moreda. Then, I worry about her, and I miss Moreda Street, where life is more traditional. It is interesting to see how people and places from different countries can be similar and different at the same time. Moreda Street and Willowbrook Mall are very different in appearance and culture, but they are also similar because they are both places where people like to go to relax on a Sunday afternoon. (Effective Academic Writing 2: The Short Essay) TWO COUNTRIES Compare Contrast Japan and the United States

Argumentative speech Essays

Argumentative speech Essays Argumentative speech Essay Argumentative speech Essay Essay Topic: Argumentative Formal Outline: Argumentative Exercise Topic: The inclusion of electronic cigarettes in Idaho State Universitys smoking ban. General Purpose: To Argue Specific Purpose: To convince the audience that Idaho State University should not include electronic cigarettes in its smoking ban. Thesis Statement: Electronic cigarettes should not be included in Idaho State Universitys smoking ban because: (1) the use of electronic cigarettes helps smokers quit smoking; (2) electronic cigarettes are a cheaper alternative to tobacco; (3) electronic cigarettes do not pose any health risks to bystanders from second hand smoke. Introduction I. Attention getter ] Are you truly concerned about your health? II. [ Topic justification ] Recently, Idaho State University has put in place a smoking ban on campus that includes electronic cigarettes. A. Although they cannot be marketed as a smoking cessation device, electronic cigarettes help users quit smoking. B. Idaho State President Arthur Vailas says the policy is consistent with our focus on health and wellness. ( Idaho State Tribune, 2013) C. I will argue that electronic cigarettes do not impose any unwanted health risks to non-smokers and should not be included in the ban. Ill. [ Credibility statement ]My name is Cameron. I was a smoker for over twenty years. A. Electronic cigarettes provided me a safer alternative to tobacco. B. I did not have to quit cold turkey. C. I would not be smoke free today if it wasnt for electronic cigarettes. D. I have tried nicotine patches, pharmaceuticals, and lozenges. IV. [Thesis statement ] Idaho State University should not include electronic cigarettes in the smoking ban. A. First, electronic cigarettes can help smokers quit smoking. B. Secondly, Electronic cigarettes are by far, a cheaper alternative to tobacco. C. Lastly, despite the oppositions claim, electronic cigarettes do not pose any health risks to non-smokers hrough second hand smoke. Transition: Many organizations and businesses offer people ways to help them quit smoking. Although electronic cigarettes are not to be marketed as helping people to quit smoking, they have been studied and proven to be an effective alternative, which is my first argument. Body l. [Constructive argument] Electronic cigarettes have been proven to help smokers quit smoking Just as effectively if not more, than patches. A. A study in New Zealand, reported that after six months of study, electronic cigarettes had a quit rate of 7. 3% versus 5. 8% of those that were given patches (Simon, cancer. rg, Sept 2013). 1 . The test was given to 657 smokers. 2. Study lasted for six months B. Using e-cigarettes cuts mean consumption by two cigarettes per day more than the patch (Phend, MedPagetoday, Sept 2013). Transition: So you can see that studies have proven that e-cigs are a reliable method of smoking cessation. My second argument will snow now e-cigs are a more inexpensive way to quit smoking. II [Constructive argument] Using electronic cigarettes is by far a cheaper avenue to go down than using pharmaceuticals or nicotine patches. A. At Walgreens, their generic box of 170 pieces of nicotine gum costs $49. 9(walgreens. com Oct 2013). 1 . Recommended dosage is at least 9 pieces a day for the first six weeks. 2. In an average month, a user can expect to consume roughly a box and a half costing about $75. 00. B. For $65. 00, an e-cig user can purchase 250 ml of Juice (ecblendflavors. com Sept 2013). 1. Average users have a consumption of 3-4 ml per day (International Journal of Environmental research and public health, 2013). . For the $65. 00 spent, a user is supplied for nearly 63 days. Transition: It is easy to see that quitting smoking with electronic cigarettes is cheaper than conventional methods of quitting. Lastly, I will address the argument of those who oppose not including e-cigs in the ban. Ill. [Refutative argument] Those who support the ban of electronic cigaret tes on campus say that it poses a health risk to non-smokers, I have two reasons to disagree with that. A. [Attack the evidence] My first reason to not agree that e-cigs impose a health risk to non-smokers, is a basic lack of evidence to support the claim. . In October of 2012, The Center for Air Resources Science and Engineering, from Clarkston University in New York, took part in a study to test the emitted vapor of electronic igarettes (informahealthcare. com Oct, 2012). a. The study was done in a small room. b. Found no apparent risk to human health. propylene 2. The main ingredient in the electronic cigarette liquid is glycol (ecblendflavorshop. com) a. Also the main ingredient in fog machines. b. Has been approved by the FDA as a safe ingredient for food and medicine since 1973(U. S. Food and Drug Administration 2006) B. Attack reasoning] Secondly I have to disagree with the ban of electronic cigarettes, because they impose a health risk from second hand smoke, is the fact tha t if they pose no risk in a small enclosed oom, then they surely dont pose a risk outdoors. C. [Denial] Finally, I disagree that electronic cigarettes pose a risk to non-smokers from second hand smoke simply because there is no second hand smoke. C. I . 1 . Traditional cigarettes require the user to burn the tobacco. C. I . 1 . a. This produces a constant stream of smoke full of carcinogens. C. I . 1 . b. The smell lingers in the air and tends to stay around for long periods of time. C. I . 2. Electronic cigarettes do not burn anything. C. I . 2. a. The vapor is atomized on a coil through a positive and negative charge. C. 1 . 2. b. There is no constant source of fumes. D. [Impact statement] To summarize all this information, electronic cigarettes pose no significant health risk to non-smokers rather provide an effective alternative to help users quit. Transition: It is apparent that the usage of electronic cigarettes in fact do not impose any significant health risk to non-smokers. I would like to go back over the reasons that Idaho State University should not include them in the smoking ban on campus. Conclusion l. [Summary of main ideas] I have given you three reasons that Idaho State University should not include electronic cigarettes in the smoking ban. A. First reason is, e-cigs ave been proven as ettective, it not more, than other means ot helping users quit smoking. B. Second, I sowed you how much cheaper it is to pursue electronic cigarettes over the other means of quitting. C. Third, I talked about how in fact, there are no significant health risks from second hand smoke of electronic cigarettes. II. [Closing statement] I am not saying I think that the campus should be a smoking campus, I am simply stating that the university should not include electronic cigarettes into the ban. Idaho State Latest Campus to Adapt Smoking Ban Idaho Press Tribune. Idaho Press Tribune, Aug 25 2012. idahopress. com/news/ state/idaho-state-latest-campus-to-adopt-smoking-ban. Web. Oct 24 2013. Simon, Stacey. Study Compares E-cigarettes to Quit-smoking Aids American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society, Sept 10 2013. cancer. rg/cancer/news/ studycomparese-cigarettestoquit-smokingaids. Web. Oct 18 2013. Phend, Crystal. E-cigarette Might Help Smoker Quit MedPage Today. MedPage Today. Sept 7 2013. medpagetoday. com/MeetingCoverage/ERS/41439. web. oct 18 2013. Walgreens Nicotine Gum, 4 mg Original Walgreens Pharmacy. Walgreens Pharmacy. walgreens. om/store/c/walgreens-nicotine-gum%2c-4-mg-original/ ID=prod1650107-product. web. oct 25 2013. 7 Leaf Tobacco Blend EC Blend. ecblendflavors. com. ec blendflavors. com/ 7-leaf-tobacco-blend-eliquid-flavor/. Web. Oct 29 2013. Environ, J. Evaluation of Electronic Cigarette Use (Vaping) Topography and Estimation of Liquid Consumption: Implications for Research Protocol Standards Definition and for Public Health Authorities Regulation International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013. www. mdpi. com/Journal/iJerph. Web. Oct 15 2013. T. R. McAuley, P. K. Hopke, J. Zhao, S. Babaian. Comparison of the effects Ofe- cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality. Informa Healthcare. October 2012. http:mnformahealthcare. om/douabs/10. 3109/08958378. 2012. 724728. web. oct 25 2013 Propylene Glycol FDA. United States Food and Drug Administration. 1973. http:// www. accessdata. fda. goWscripts/fcn/fcnDetailNavigation. cfm? web. oct 25 2013. Enthymemes Categorical Enthymeme Major Premise: Smoking has second hand negative side effects. Minor Premise: Electronic Cigarettes are a form of smoking. Conclusion: Electronic Cigarettes nave negative side ettects T 1 . The term s are in the correct place. Major term (negative side effects) is in the major premise and the conclusion. Minor term (Electronic Cigarettes) is in the minor premise and the conclusion. Middle term (smoking) is in the major and minor premise. 2. The middle term is used in its universal sense. 3. Both the major premise and the conclusion are negative. Major Premise: Second hand smoke causes health risks to non-smokers. Minor premise: Electronic Cigarettes produce second hand smoke. Conclusion: Electronic Cigarettes cause health risks to non-smokers. Tests: 1. Each term is used twice. 2. The conclusion is negative following the major premise. 3. Only three terms appear.

Feldspar Distinctions, Characteristics Identification

Feldspar Distinctions, Characteristics Identification Feldspars are a group of closely related minerals that together are the most abundant mineral in the Earths crust. A thorough knowledge of the feldspars is what separates geologists from the rest of us. How to Tell Feldspar Feldspars are hard minerals, all of them with a hardness of 6 on the Mohs scale. This lies between the hardness of a steel knife (5.5) and the hardness of quartz (7). In fact, feldspar is the standard for hardness 6 in the Mohs scale. Feldspars usually are white or nearly white, though they may be clear or light shades of orange or buff. They usually have a glassy luster. Feldspar is called a rock-forming mineral, very common, and usually makes up a large part of the rock. In sum, any glassy mineral thats slightly softer than quartz is very likely considered a feldspar. The main mineral that might be confused with feldspar is quartz. Besides hardness, the biggest difference is how the two minerals break. Quartz breaks in curvy and irregular shapes (conchoidal fracture). Feldspar, however, breaks readily along flat faces, a property called cleavage. As you turn a piece of rock in the light, quartz glitters and feldspar flashes. Other differences: quartz is usually clear and feldspar is usually cloudy. Quartz appears in crystals more commonly than feldspar, and the six-sided spears of quartz are very different from the generally blocky crystals of feldspar. What Kind of Feldspar? For general purposes, like picking granite for a countertop, it doesnt matter what type of feldspar is in a rock. For geological purposes, feldspars are quite important. For rockhounds without laboratories, its enough to be able to tell the two main types of feldspar, plagioclase (PLADGE-yo-clays) feldspar and alkali feldspar. The one thing about plagioclase thats usually different is that its broken faces- its cleavage planes- almost always have fine parallel lines across them. These striations are signs of crystal twinning. Each plagioclase grain, in reality, is typically a stack of thin crystals, each with its molecules arranged in opposite directions. Plagioclase has a color range from white to dark gray, and its typically translucent. Alkali feldspar (also called potassium feldspar or K-feldspar) has a color range from white to brick-red, and its typically opaque. Many rocks have both feldspars, like granite. Cases like that are helpful for learning to tell the feldspars apart. The differences can be subtle and confusing. Thats because the chemical formulas for the feldspars blend smoothly into each other. Feldspar Formulas and Structure What is common to all the feldspars is the same arrangement of atoms, a framework arrangement, and one basic chemical recipe, a silicate (silicon plus oxygen) recipe. Quartz is another framework silicate, consisting only of oxygen and silicon, but feldspar has various other metals partly replacing the silicon. The basic feldspar recipe is X(Al,Si)4O8, where X stands for Na, K, or Ca. The exact composition of the various feldspar minerals depends on what elements balance the oxygen, which has two bonds to fill (remember H2O?). Silicon makes four chemical bonds with oxygen; that is, its tetravalent. Aluminum makes three bonds (trivalent), calcium makes two (divalent) and sodium and potassium make one (monovalent). So the identity of X depends on how many bonds are needed to make up the total of 16. One Al leaves one bond for Na or K to fill. Two Als leaves two bonds for Ca to fill. So there are two different mixtures that are possible in the feldspars, a sodium-potassium series and a sodium-calcium series. The first is alkali feldspar and the second is plagioclase feldspar. Alkali Feldspar in Detail Alkali feldspar has the formula KAlSi3O8, potassium aluminosilicate. The formula actually is a blend ranging from all sodium (albite) to all potassium (microcline), but albite is also one endpoint in the plagioclase series so we classify it there. This mineral is often called potassium feldspar or K-feldspar because potassium always exceeds sodium in its formula. Potassium feldspar comes in three different crystal structures that depend on the temperature it formed at. Microcline is the stable form below about 400 C. Orthoclase and sanidine are stable above 500 C and 900 C, respectively. Outside the geological community, only dedicated mineral collectors can tell these apart. But a deep green variety of microcline called amazonite stands out in a pretty homogeneous field. The color is from the presence of lead. The high potassium content and high strength of K-feldspar make it the best mineral for potassium-argon dating. Alkali feldspar is a crucial ingredient in glass and pottery glazes. Microcline has a minor use as an abrasive mineral. Plagioclase in Detail Plagioclase ranges in composition from Na[AlSi3O8] to calcium Ca[Al2Si2O8], or sodium to calcium aluminosilicate. Pure Na[AlSi3O8] is albite, and pure Ca[Al2Si2O8] is anorthite. The plagioclase feldspars are named according to the following scheme, where the numbers are the percentage of calcium expressed as anorthite (An): Albite (An 0–10)Oligoclase (An 10–30)Andesine (An 30–50)Labradorite (An 50–70)Bytownite (An 70–90)Anorthite (An 90–100) The geologist distinguishes these under the microscope. One way is to determine the minerals density by putting crushed grains in immersion oils of different densities. (Albites specific gravity is 2.62, anorthites is 2.74, and the others fall in between.) The really precise way is to use thin sections to determine the optical properties along the different crystallographic axes. The amateur has a few clues. An iridescent play of light can result from optical interference inside some feldspars. In labradorite, it often has a dazzling blue hue called labradorescence. If you see that its a sure thing. Bytownite and anorthite are rather rare and unlikely to be seen. An unusual igneous rock consisting of only plagioclase is called anorthosite. A noteworthy occurrence is in New Yorks Adirondack Mountains; another one is the Moon.

Greek methodology's effects on ancient socialization Essay

Greek methodology's effects on ancient socialization - Essay Example Greek mythology has heavily influenced their culture and socialization, especially when it comes in their sexual beliefs, may it be having a patriarchal society, or just their plain sexual norms. Myths are actually the beliefs of people what are subtly disguised as a form of literature. In fact, because so much of these myths are creation stories, many of people believe that most myths are factual. Greek mythology is quite sexual in nature. Then again, sexual identity is very cultural as well, as our sense of self is rooted in sexual mythology as well. This is because the sexuality of a society is cleverly reflected in their literature. Sex is actually the core of culture. This is ironic considering the mainstream Western belief actually makes sex taboo, even sacred. Many of these Western societies believe that sexuality comes from the individual as it is a private subject. Ironically, sex is the core of every culture. Consider this, without sex or reproduction for that matter, there would be no culture, society, religion, art, etc. Basically there would be nothing if sex is not in the picture. And as evolved creatures, humans are programmed to reproduce. Christians believe in the story of Genesis. In Genesis, the creation of the world and man and woman is the plot of the story. In it, the first two people were Adam and Eve, and Eve was made from Adam’s flesh, making Eve a mere second-class citizen. But in other myths, specifically in the Talmud, before Eve came Lilith. Lilith here was the first wife of Adam. And unlike Eve, she was made from dust, like Adam. She was also one of the wives of Satan, but because she was deemed â€Å"wild†, she left Satan and joined Adam. Their coupling was also deemed to be unfit for longevity because Lilith demanded equality with Adam. It is a logical wish since Lilith came from the same dust where Adam came from. Adam opposed this and they fought; Lilith left and proceeded to live in air. Adam prayed to God